Compaction is when the soils bulk density increases while removing air from between the soil pore spaces. This process can occur naturally due to heavier top soils or fine particles moving down the soil profile and is referred to as consolidation (Roberts et al, 2006). It is the result of man-made alterations to the soil layers. It can be done intentionally to improve the strength and stiffness of the soil to ensure it is able to cope with the loads, buildings or roads for example, being placed upon it. It also occurs unintentionally, especially on construction sites where heavy vehicles and plant machinery are moved over and back across the soil surface. But soil compaction can also occur on green areas or parks where high volumes of foot traffic are present.
